ISO / RTO

ISOs and RTOs (the terms are near-interchangeable) operate transmission grids, run wholesale energy markets, and coordinate reliability across their footprints: ERCOT in Texas, PJM in the mid-Atlantic, MISO in the Midwest, CAISO in California, and others. Several use coincident-peak constructs similar to ERCOT's 4CP — PJM's 5CP peak-load contribution is the closest cousin.